In 2006, 454 collaborated with Swedish paleogeneticist Svante Pääbo to sequence the first million base pairs of the Neanderthal genome; the project would be completed four years later, albeit with some help from Illumina sequencing. Illumina and other subsequent NGS technologies rendered pyrosequencing non-competitive, and in 2013, 454 was shut down by Roche, which had acquired it six years earlier. The technology is still used today for some applications, but most importantly, it was the first commercially viable alternative to Sanger sequencing, and the first sequencing method that could be fully automated because it didn’t rely on gels or other tedious steps.
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The musical is the fourth incarnation of Joyce's tear-jerker - it began life as a radio play before she developed it into a novel, and it was made into a film starring Jim Broadbent in 2023.